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Feature: Canonical ensemble via saddle-point approximation #59

Description

@vlvovch

Motivation

Exact canonical-ensemble calculations (Fourier/Bessel-sum style) can become slow and/or numerically unstable for large volumes and/or large conserved charges. A saddle-point (steepest-descent) treatment provides a fast, controlled large-V approximation with a well-defined NLO correction (Gaussian prefactor), and can serve as a practical alternative in regimes where exact CE is expensive.

Proposal

Add canonical-ensemble calculations using a saddle-point approximation:

  • LO: exponent evaluated at the saddle point (Legendre-transform style)
  • NLO: Gaussian prefactor from the Hessian (determinant of susceptibility matrix)

Support a configurable subset of conserved charges to be treated canonically (e.g. S only; or B,Q,S; optionally C).
Implement as a flag in existing ThermalModelCanonical class, or in a derived class ThermalModelCanonicalSaddlePoint.

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