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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<!-- !!! Change the background image of the page to your header image by changing the ".background-image" property in main.css. -->
<!-- !!! I added a fancy gradient effect to have the page's color gradually go from the color at the bottom of the image to black.
I did that like this: background-image: url('./img/task2-side.png'), linear-gradient(to bottom, rgb(122, 115, 110), #222222); -->
<title>Typealike: Near-Keyboard Hand Postures for Expanded Laptop Interaction</title>
<!-- -------------- -->
<!-- OPENGRAPH INFO: This is what will populate the "cards" that show up when you post the link on Facebook, Slack, etc. -->
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<meta name="description" content="Research from Waterloo HCI: Near-Keyboard Hand Postures for Expanded Laptop Interaction">
<meta name="keywords" content="!!! KEYWORDS HERE">
<meta name="author" content="Nalin Chhibber, Hemant Surale, Fabrice Matulic, Daniel Vogel from University of Waterloo">
<meta property="og:title" content="Typealike: Near-Keyboard Hand Postures for Expanded Laptop Interaction">
<meta property="og:description" content="Research from Waterloo HCI: Near-Keyboard Hand Postures for Expanded Laptop Interaction">
<!-- The URL for your site. For social media posts etc. -->
<meta property="og:url" content="https://typealike.github.io/">
<!-- Header image. Important to put a good, representative image here as this is what shows on clickable links! -->
<meta property="og:image" content="img/Figure2.png">
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@nalinchhibber">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@nalinchhibber">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Typealike: Near-Keyboard Hand Postures for Expanded Laptop Interaction">
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="img/Figure2.png">
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<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
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</head>
<body>
<div id="header" class="col-md-10 col-sm-12 offset-md-1 offset-sm-0">
<p class="title">Typealike: Near-Keyboard Hand Postures for Expanded Laptop Interaction</p>
<img class="pad-right headshot" src="img/nalin_chhibber.png">
<img class="pad-right headshot" src="img/hemant_surale.jpeg">
<img class="pad-right headshot" src="img/fabrice_matulic.png">
<img class="pad-right headshot" src="img/daniel_vogel.jpeg">
<p style="float: right;font-size: 10px;text-align: center;margin-top: -60px;">
<img src="img/bestpaper.png" style="width: 42px;margin: 5px;">
<br>
Best Paper Honorable Mention Award
<br>
ACM ISS 2021
</p>
<p class="authors">Nalin Chhibber, Hemant Surale, Fabrice Matulic, Daniel Vogel</p>
<img class="pad-right" src="img/wathci.png">
<img class="pad-right" src="img/preferred_networks.png">
<a class="download-link rounded col-xs-12" href="https://github.com/typealike">Code</a>
<a class="download-link rounded col-xs-12" href="assets/Typealike.pdf">Paper</a>
</div>
<div id="content" class="col-md-10 col-xs-12 offset-md-1">
<div id="teaser" class="col-10 offset-1 content-section">
<blockquote>Typealike postures are postures formed using the left or right hand, an open or closed hand form, and different wrist orientations, all further distinguished by hand position when on, just beside, or just below the keyboard.</blockquote>
<!-- !!! TEASER IMAGE HERE -->
<img class="figure col-lg-10 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src="img/teaser.png">
<p>Different postures can trigger different interactions, for example:
(a) an open left hand at 90° wrist rotation beside the keyboard can decrease the volume;
(b) an open left hand at 0° on the keyboard can open a screen capture snipping tool;
(c) a closed right hand 0° posture below the keyboard could turn the car in a racing game;
(d) an open right hand at 0° on the keyboard could advance a document page; and
(e) a right open 90° hand posture beside the keyboard could increase the volume.
</p>
</div>
<div id="findings" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>Quick Facts</h1>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xl-6 offset-xl-0col-xs-12">
<p>Overall, our work contributes:</p>
<ol class="findings-row">
<li class="findings-text">
A set of near-keyboard hand postures that are acceptable to users, recognized reliably, and fast to perform.
</li>
<li class="findings-text">
A dataset of nearly 350K posture images captured under different lighting conditions and two keyboard backgrounds
</li>
</ol>
<p>
We evaluate our approach by answering three questions: Is this style of postures preferable by users? Can they be recognized reliably? Are they quick and easy to perform?
</p>
</div>
<div class="col-xl-6 offset-xl-0 col-xs-12">
<div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9">
<iframe class="embed-responsive-item" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QyfMicxQH84" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="abstract" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>Abstract</h1>
<img class="figure col-xl-5 col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-8 col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src=img/typealike_system.png>
<p>
We propose a style of hand postures to trigger commands on a laptop. The key idea is to perform hand-postures while keeping the hands on, beside, or below the keyboard, to align with natural laptop usage. 36 hand-posture variations are explored considering three resting locations, left or right hand, open or closed hand, and three wrist rotation angles. A 30-participant formative study measures posture preferences and generates a dataset of nearly 350K images under different lighting conditions and backgrounds. A deep learning recognizer achieves over 97% accuracy when classifying all 36 postures with 2 additional non-posture classes for typing and non-typing. A second experiment with 20 participants validates the recognizer under real-time usage and compares posture invocation time with keyboard shortcuts. Results find low error rates and fast formation time, indicating postures are close to current typing and pointing postures. Finally, practical use case demonstrations are presented, and further extensions discussed.
</p>
</div>
<div id="guide" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>Design Considerations for the Interaction Vocabulary</h1>
<p>
Our posture set was chosen to support our goal of a discrete command invoking method that aligns with natural laptop
usage. The postures are variations of hand posture styles, all based on three design considerations:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<b>Recognition without a key press:</b>
<p>Postures should not conflict with touch-typing hand motor behaviour when pressing keys and “disentangle” command execution from key-press events</p>
</li>
<li>
<b>Performed on or near the keyboard surface: </b>
<p>Postures should be compatible with maintaining a near-resting arm posture where the wrist is in constant contact with the laptop case.</p>
</li>
<li>
<b>Simple and easy to perform:</b>
<p>
Postures should be naturally comfortable to perform for the user but still distinguishable for detection in order to be practical.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="technique" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>Technique</h1>
<p>
With these design considerations in mind, we created a style of postures that use different hand forms, kinematics of wrist rotation, and
distinct locations on or near the keyboard that expands the input interaction space around the laptop.
</p>
<!-- <img class="figure img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src="http://via.placeholder.com/500x200.png"> -->
<img class="figure col-xl-5 col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-8 col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src="img/typealike_posture_set.png">
<p>
This gives a design space of 36 postures that can be fully defined by variations along four parameters:
</p>
<ol>
<li>Form (open, closed)</li>
<li>Orientation (0°, 90°, 180°) </li>
<li>Surface (on, beside, below)</li>
<li>Hand (dominant, non-dominant)</li>
</ol>
<p><b>Finally,</b> all postures are characterized with a slightly extended thumb to appear unique for recognition without a keypress.</p>
<!-- !!! Github URL here if you want to share it! -->
<!-- <small>Source code available on <a href="#">GitHub</a>.</small> -->
</div>
<div id="exp1" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>Experiments</h1>
<p>
We conducted 2 experiments to validate the technique.
Both the experiments contained a game-like task representing one of four types of interaction: typing, clicking, shortcuts, and postures.
During the experiments, participants played a game where they typed a word, clicked a button, pressed a shortcut key, or formed a certain posture.
</p>
<img class="figure col-xl-6 col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-8 col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src=img/typealike_task_interface.gif>
<h2>Experiment I: User Preference & Data Gathering </h2>
<p>
The first experiment was performed to identify most popular postures and gather training data to create a recognizer.
We recruited 30 participants, 19 to 31 years old who had extensive experience with laptop computers with daily usage between 4 to 16 hours.
Participants were instructed to complete the task as accurately as possible.
Video of the hands and keyboard was recorded at 30 FPS in 1280×720 resolution using the built-in laptop camera and a mirror reflector
Through this experiment, we measured user-preferences for the postures and gathered the images to construct dataset to build the recognizer.
To collect more samples, we used online data augmentation by asking participants to follow hand movements described in the task during posture formation.
</p>
<!-- <img class="figure col-xl-4 col-lg-5 col-md-6 col-sm-8 col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src="http://via.placeholder.com/700x700.png"> -->
<img class="figure col-xl-5 col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-8 col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src=img/experiment_1.gif>
<!-- <img class="figure col-xl-6 col-md-8 col-sm-8 col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src="http://via.placeholder.com/500x200.png"> -->
<h2>Recognition using Deep Learning </h2>
<ul>
<li>
We used Transfer Learning on ResNet-50 architecture with weights pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset.
</li>
<li>
Smith’s one-cycle policy was used to vary the learning rate and achieve faster convergence.
</li>
<li>
Monte Carlo cross-validation with 10 random splits was used for model evaluation. Confusion matrices obtained from each run were aggregate to obtain a final confusion matrix as shown in the figure.
</li>
</ul>
<img class="figure col-xl-5 col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-8 col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src=img/confusion_matrix.png>
<h2>Experiment II: Technique Evaluation </h2>
<p>
For the second experiment, we used a similar game as in the first experiment except this time, when participants formed the required posture, it was recognized and they immediately continued to the next trial.
Participants were instructed to complete the task as accurately and as quickly as possible.
Through this experiment, we measured the task completion time as well as the transition times between different interaction techniques.
</p>
<img class="figure col-xl-5 col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-8 col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src=img/experiment_2.gif>
<!-- <img class="figure col-lg-10 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src="http://via.placeholder.com/500x200.png"> -->
</div>
<div id="disc" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>What Do We Learn?</h1>
<ol>
<li>
180° wrist rotations were significantly disliked for comfort and preference.
</li>
<li>
Below the keyboard was most preferred location for posture formation.
</li>
<img class="figure col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src=img/experiment_1_results.gif>
<li>
Open-hand postures were significantly faster than close-hands.
</li>
<li>
90° wrist rotation was significantly faster than 0° and 180° wrist rotations.
</li>
<li>
Area below the keyboard was significantly faster for posture formation compared to beside or on
</li>
<img class="figure col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src=img/experiment_2_results_a.gif>
<li>
Postures are significantly faster when coming from Typing or Clicking reference task
</li>
<li>
Shortcuts are faster when going back to Typing task.
</li>
<img class="figure col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src=img/experiment_2_results_b.gif>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="disc" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>Dataset</h1>
<p>
Some descriptive stats about the dataset
</p>
<img class="figure col-xl-6 col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-8 col-xs-12 img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src="img/Figure5.png">
<br/>
<a href="https://www.kaggle.com/nalinc/typealike">Kaggle Dataset</a>
</div>
<div id="publication" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>Publication</h1>
<!-- <p>!!! AUTHORS. !!! YEAR. <b>!!! YOUR TITLE HERE</b>. In proceedings of !!! CONFERENCE ETC. DOI: <a class="doi-url" href="http://google.ca">!!! DOI URL (change the href too!)</a></p> -->
<p>
Nalin Chhibber, Hemant Bhaskar Surale, Fabrice Matulic, and Daniel Vogel. 2021. <b>Typealike: Near-Keyboard Hand Postures for Expanded Laptop Interaction.</b> Proc. ACM Human Computer Interaction. 5, ISS, Article 486 (November 2021), 20 pages. <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3486952">DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3486952</a>
<!-- <a class="doi-url" href="http://google.ca"></a></p> -->
<br>
<h2>BibTeX</h2>
<pre>
<code>
@article{chhibber2021typealike,
title={Typealike: Near-Keyboard Hand Postures for Expanded Laptop Interaction},
author={Chhibber, Nalin and Surale, Hemant Bhaskar and Matulic, Fabrice and Vogel, Daniel},
journal={Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
volume={5},
number={ISS},
pages={1--20},
year={2021},
publisher={ACM New York, NY, USA}
}<br/>
</code>
</pre>
</div>
<div id="Presentation" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>Presentation</h1>
<!-- <p>!!! AUTHORS. !!! YEAR. <b>!!! YOUR TITLE HERE</b>. In proceedings of !!! CONFERENCE ETC. DOI: <a class="doi-url" href="http://google.ca">!!! DOI URL (change the href too!)</a></p> -->
<div class="col-xl-6 offset-xl-0 col-xs-12" style="margin: 0 auto;">
<h2>Slide Deck</h2>
<div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9">
<iframe class="embed-responsive-item" src="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vTtrCfJatbKRv3iBryjfpSUkbvRMRZevmRuYZUAaaxGHX8vNs0mMNDCfZR_A0HsDg/embed?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="true" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
</div>
<br/><br/>
<h2>Conference Talk</h2>
<div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9">
<iframe class="embed-responsive-item" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1MhoptKopPQ" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="media" class="col-md-10 offset-md-1 col-xs-12 offset-xs-0 content-section">
<h1>Media Coverage</h1>
<div class="media-highlight col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
<p class="media-highlight-title">Computer scientists develop Typealike system to expand input on a keyboard</p>
<img class="media-highlight-image" src="https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/images/nalin-chhibber-hemant-surale-fabrice-matulic-dan-vogel-1500-pixels.jpg"/>
<p class="media-highlight-description">
A team of computer scientists has developed a new system that recognizes near-keyboard hand gestures to expand laptop interaction...
</p>
<a href="https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/news/computer-scientists-develop-typealike-system-to-expand-input-on-keyboard">https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/news/computer-scientists-develop-typealike-system-to-expand-input-on-keyboard</a>
</div>
<div class="media-container">
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/news/media/system-recognizes-hand-gestures-expand-computer-input">
<img style="width:200px" src="img/press/uwaterloo.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220105094430.htm">
<img style="width:200px" src="img/press/science-daily.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://www.theengineer.co.uk/typealike-hand-gestures-commands-laptop-human-computer-interface/">
<img style="width:150px" src="img/press/the-engineer.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://flip.it/28UajL">
<img style="width:150px" src="img/press/flipboard.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://www.hackster.io/news/type-and-swipe-8ed0c4abc52b">
<img style="width:200px" src="img/press/hacksterio.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://www.zenopa.com/news/3599/new-computer-program-uses-hand-signals-to-control-computers">
<img style="width:100px" src="img/press/zenopa.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/939261">
<img style="width:150px" src="img/press/eurekalert.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://newatlas.com/computers/typealike-webcam-computer-gesture-control/">
<img style="width:300px" src="img/press/newatlas.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://www.cnbeta.com/articles/science/1223521.htm">
<img style="width:200px" src="img/press/cn-beta.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://technews.bg/article-139885.html">
<img style="width:150px" src="img/press/technews.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://www.singtao.ca/5490414/2022-01-07/news-%E9%8F%A1%E9%A0%AD%E4%B8%8B%E5%81%9A%E6%89%8B%E5%8B%A2%E6%AF%8B%E9%A0%88%E6%B7%BB%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6+++%E6%8C%87%E6%89%8B%E7%95%AB%E8%85%B3%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%81%BD%E5%93%82%E4%BD%A0%E8%A9%B1/?variant=zh-hk">
<img style="width:150px" src="img/press/sing-tao-daily.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://www.fredzone.org/cette-start-up-revolutionne-linteraction-avec-les-ordinateurs">
<img style="width:100px" src="img/press/fzn.png">
</a>
</div>
<div class="media-item">
<a href="https://donya-e-eqtesad.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84-19/3832593-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B4%D8%AF">
<img style="width:200px" src="img/press/donya-e-eqtesad.png">
</a>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.barlettaweb.com/tecnologia/il-sistema-riconosce-i-gesti-delle-mani-per-espandere-linput-del-computer-su-una-tastiera/1039/">
<img style="width:150px" src="img/press/barlettaweb.png">
</a>
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<a href="https://hightech.fm/2022/01/05/hand-gestures">
<img style="width:100px" src="img/press/hightech.png">
</a>
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<a href="https://www.sawtbeirut.com/technologyandscience/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88/">
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<a href="https://runews24.ru/science/05/01/2022/38ccdf2b637f3551edfa1955e138b5a2">
<img style="width:200px;" src="img/press/ru-news24.png">
</a>
</div>
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<a href="https://fuentitech.com/the-typealike-program-converts-hand-gestures-into-commands/447863/">
<img style="width:200px" src="img/press/funtitech.png">
</a>
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<h1>Contact Us</h1>
<p>Questions? Feel free to contact:</p>
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<img class="pad-right headshot grid-content" src="img/nalin_chhibber.png">
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<a href="https://nalinc.github.io">Nalin Chhibber</a>
<br> M.Math Computer Science
<br>University of Waterloo
<br>nalin.chhibber [at] uwaterloo.ca
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<img class="pad-right headshot grid-content" src="img/hemant_surale.jpeg">
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<a href="https://sites.google.com/view/hemantsurale/home">Hemant Surale</a>
<br> PhD Computer Science
<br>University of Waterloo
<br>hemant.surale [at] uwaterloo.ca
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<img class="pad-right headshot grid-content" src="img/fabrice_matulic.png">
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<a href="http://hci.uwaterloo.ca/~fdmmatul/">Fabrice Matulic</a>
<br> Senior Researcher
<br> Preferred Networks Inc.
<br>fmatulic [at] preferred.jp
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<img class="pad-right headshot grid-content" src="img/daniel_vogel.jpeg">
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<a href="https://www.nonsequitoria.com/">Daniel Vogel</a>
<br> Associate Professor
<br>University of Waterloo
<br>dvogel [at] uwaterloo.ca
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Nalin Chhibber, Hemant Surale, Fabrice Matulic, Daniel Vogel <br/>
University of Waterloo, Preferred Networks Inc. © 2021
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