diff --git a/app/src/agentworld/pages/FeedSection.tsx b/app/src/agentworld/pages/FeedSection.tsx
index 63bd633793..7cf4e808ee 100644
--- a/app/src/agentworld/pages/FeedSection.tsx
+++ b/app/src/agentworld/pages/FeedSection.tsx
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import {
 import { fetchWalletStatus } from '../../services/walletApi';
 import { apiClient } from '../AgentWorldShell';
 import ConfirmDialog from '../components/ConfirmDialog';
+import { relativeTime } from '../utils/relativeTime';
 
 const log = debug('agentworld:feed');
 
@@ -65,17 +66,6 @@ type WalletResolution = { agentId: string | null; configured: WalletConfigured }
 
 // ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function relativeTime(iso: string): string {
-  const ms = Date.now() - new Date(iso).getTime();
-  const mins = Math.floor(ms / 60000);
-  if (mins < 1) return 'just now';
-  if (mins < 60) return `${mins}m ago`;
-  const hrs = Math.floor(mins / 60);
-  if (hrs < 24) return `${hrs}h ago`;
-  const days = Math.floor(hrs / 24);
-  return `${days}d ago`;
-}
-
 function isWalletLocked(message: string): boolean {
   return (
     message.includes('wallet is not configured') ||
diff --git a/app/src/agentworld/pages/JobsSection.tsx b/app/src/agentworld/pages/JobsSection.tsx
index e6ca1b8257..7e5979db3a 100644
--- a/app/src/agentworld/pages/JobsSection.tsx
+++ b/app/src/agentworld/pages/JobsSection.tsx
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import { useT } from '../../lib/i18n/I18nContext';
 import { fetchWalletStatus } from '../../services/walletApi';
 import { apiClient } from '../AgentWorldShell';
 import { explorerTxUrl } from '../hooks/useX402Buy';
+import { relativeTime } from '../utils/relativeTime';
 
 // ── State types ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -39,18 +40,6 @@ type JobsState =
 
 // ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-// TODO: extract shared relativeTime helper once Feed/Ledger/Jobs all use it.
-function relativeTime(iso: string): string {
-  const ms = Date.now() - new Date(iso).getTime();
-  const mins = Math.floor(ms / 60000);
-  if (mins < 1) return 'just now';
-  if (mins < 60) return `${mins}m ago`;
-  const hrs = Math.floor(mins / 60);
-  if (hrs < 24) return `${hrs}h ago`;
-  const days = Math.floor(hrs / 24);
-  return `${days}d ago`;
-}
-
 /**
  * Group the integer part of a numeric amount with thousands separators while
  * preserving the original decimals ("1000000" → "1,000,000", "0.50" → "0.50").
diff --git a/app/src/agentworld/pages/LedgerSection.tsx b/app/src/agentworld/pages/LedgerSection.tsx
index 51e27989fc..5672884c2c 100644
--- a/app/src/agentworld/pages/LedgerSection.tsx
+++ b/app/src/agentworld/pages/LedgerSection.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
  * Pattern mirrors FeedSection: useState + useEffect fetch, PanelScaffold
  * wrapper, StatusBlock for loading/error/empty states.
  */
-import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { Fragment, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 
 import PanelScaffold from '../../components/layout/PanelScaffold';
 import { type GqlLedgerTransaction } from '../../lib/agentworld/invokeApiClient';
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { apiClient } from '../AgentWorldShell';
 import { decimalsForAsset, resolveAssetSymbol } from '../assets';
 import { formatUnits, friendlyNetwork } from '../components/X402ConfirmDialog';
 import { explorerTxUrl } from '../hooks/useX402Buy';
+import { relativeTime } from '../utils/relativeTime';
 
 // ── State types ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
@@ -27,17 +28,6 @@ type LedgerState =
 
 // ── Helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-function relativeTime(iso: string): string {
-  const ms = Date.now() - new Date(iso).getTime();
-  const mins = Math.floor(ms / 60000);
-  if (mins < 1) return 'just now';
-  if (mins < 60) return `${mins}m ago`;
-  const hrs = Math.floor(mins / 60);
-  if (hrs < 24) return `${hrs}h ago`;
-  const days = Math.floor(hrs / 24);
-  return `${days}d ago`;
-}
-
 export function abbreviateAddress(addr: string | undefined): string {
   if (!addr) return '—';
   if (addr.length <= 12) return addr;
@@ -287,14 +277,12 @@ function TransactionRow({
               <p className="mb-1 text-xs font-medium text-content-muted">Metadata</p>
               <dl className="grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr] gap-x-4 gap-y-1 text-xs">
                 {Object.entries(tx.metadata).map(([key, val]) => (
-                  <>
-                    <dt key={`k-${key}`} className="font-medium text-content-muted">
-                      {key}
-                    </dt>
-                    <dd key={`v-${key}`} className="break-all text-content">
+                  <Fragment key={key}>
+                    <dt className="font-medium text-content-muted">{key}</dt>
+                    <dd className="break-all text-content">
                       {typeof val === 'string' ? val : JSON.stringify(val)}
                     </dd>
-                  </>
+                  </Fragment>
                 ))}
               </dl>
             </div>
diff --git a/app/src/agentworld/utils/relativeTime.test.ts b/app/src/agentworld/utils/relativeTime.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29c8287d62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/agentworld/utils/relativeTime.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+import { relativeTime } from './relativeTime';
+
+describe('relativeTime', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+  });
+
+  it('returns "just now" for under 1 minute ago', () => {
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2025-01-01T00:00:30Z'));
+    expect(relativeTime('2025-01-01T00:00:00Z')).toBe('just now');
+  });
+
+  it('returns minutes for under 1 hour ago', () => {
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2025-01-01T00:45:00Z'));
+    expect(relativeTime('2025-01-01T00:00:00Z')).toBe('45m ago');
+  });
+
+  it('returns hours for under 24 hours ago', () => {
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2025-01-01T05:00:00Z'));
+    expect(relativeTime('2025-01-01T00:00:00Z')).toBe('5h ago');
+  });
+
+  it('returns days for 24+ hours ago', () => {
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2025-01-04T00:00:00Z'));
+    expect(relativeTime('2025-01-01T00:00:00Z')).toBe('3d ago');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/app/src/agentworld/utils/relativeTime.ts b/app/src/agentworld/utils/relativeTime.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c644fb5c3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/src/agentworld/utils/relativeTime.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+export function relativeTime(iso: string): string {
+  const date = new Date(iso);
+  if (isNaN(date.getTime())) return 'just now';
+  const ms = Date.now() - date.getTime();
+  const mins = Math.floor(ms / 60000);
+  if (mins < 1) return 'just now';
+  if (mins < 60) return `${mins}m ago`;
+  const hrs = Math.floor(mins / 60);
+  if (hrs < 24) return `${hrs}h ago`;
+  const days = Math.floor(hrs / 24);
+  return `${days}d ago`;
+}