From 09b99105827bb60347123b5859add3bf7722b7ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: shreyas-londhe <shreyas_londhe@outlook.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Jun 2026 14:43:25 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 1/5] fix: make Hash duplex sponge portable across pointer
 widths
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

`Hash<D>::squeeze` and `squeeze_end` fold the squeeze block-counter and the
read-length into the hash state via `usize::to_be_bytes()`. `usize` is 8 bytes
on 64-bit targets and 4 bytes on 32-bit (e.g. wasm32), so the absorbed bytes —
and therefore the squeezed output — differ by target. A 64-bit prover and a
32-bit verifier then derive different Fiat-Shamir challenges, breaking
verification (this surfaced verifying a 64-bit-produced transcript inside a
wasm32 verifier).

Encode both counters as fixed-width `u64`. On 64-bit this is byte-identical to
the previous output (`i as u64 == i`), so existing transcripts and the spec
vectors are unchanged; only 32-bit output changes, now matching 64-bit. The
permutation `DuplexSponge` is unaffected — its `usize` fields are buffer
indices, never absorbed.
---
 spongefish/src/instantiations/hash.rs | 11 ++++++++---
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/spongefish/src/instantiations/hash.rs b/spongefish/src/instantiations/hash.rs
index 7f754e7..c609d56 100644
--- a/spongefish/src/instantiations/hash.rs
+++ b/spongefish/src/instantiations/hash.rs
@@ -86,9 +86,12 @@ impl<D: BlockSizeUser + Digest + Clone + FixedOutputReset> DuplexSpongeInterface
             self.squeeze(&mut output[len..])
         // Squeeze another digest
         } else if let Mode::Squeeze(i) = self.mode {
-            // Add the squeeze mask, current digest, and index
+            // Add the squeeze mask, current digest, and index.
+            // Encode the index as a fixed-width `u64` (not `usize`) so the absorbed
+            // bytes are identical on 32- and 64-bit targets; otherwise a 64-bit
+            // prover and a 32-bit verifier (e.g. wasm32) derive different outputs.
             let mut output_hasher_prefix = self.hasher.clone();
-            Digest::update(&mut output_hasher_prefix, i.to_be_bytes());
+            Digest::update(&mut output_hasher_prefix, (i as u64).to_be_bytes());
             let digest = output_hasher_prefix.finalize();
             // Copy the digest into the output, and store the rest for later
             let chunk_len = usize::min(output.len(), Self::DIGEST_SIZE);
@@ -147,7 +150,9 @@ impl<D: BlockSizeUser + Digest + Clone + Reset> Hash<D> {
             let mut squeeze_hasher = D::new();
             Digest::update(&mut squeeze_hasher, Self::mask_squeeze_end());
             Digest::update(&mut squeeze_hasher, &self.cv);
-            Digest::update(&mut squeeze_hasher, byte_count.to_be_bytes());
+            // Fixed-width `u64` encoding for cross-architecture portability — see the
+            // matching note in `squeeze`.
+            Digest::update(&mut squeeze_hasher, (byte_count as u64).to_be_bytes());
             self.cv = Digest::finalize(squeeze_hasher);
 
             // set the sponge state in absorb mode

From 7fc5860349ee47f0432c222de225905d881b5ff9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michele Orru <m@orru.net>
Date: Wed, 10 Jun 2026 12:38:09 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 2/5] ci: add wasm32 build/test lane; fix Hash sponge
 pointer-width portability

Add a `wasm32-wasip1` job to the PR workflow that builds and runs the test
suite under wasmtime, providing a 32-bit lane. This catches pointer-width
divergence in the `Hash` duplex sponge for free via the existing vector KATs
(`test_shosha`, `duplexSpongeVectors.json`).

- Fix #171: encode the squeeze index and squeeze_end byte count as fixed-width
  `u64` instead of pointer-width `usize`, so a 64-bit prover and a 32-bit
  verifier (e.g. wasm32) derive identical outputs. Byte-identical on 64-bit.
- Remove the unused Cardano `pallas` dev-dependency: it is referenced nowhere
  (only `ark_pallas`/`ark_vesta` are) and transitively pulls `tokio`/`socket2`,
  which do not compile on wasm. Drops a large transitive tree from Cargo.lock.
- Add a codec KAT locking the `str` length prefix to a fixed-width LE `u32`.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .github/workflows/pr.yml |   22 +
 Cargo.lock               | 1033 ++------------------------------------
 Cargo.toml               |    1 -
 spongefish/Cargo.toml    |    1 -
 spongefish/src/codecs.rs |   21 +
 5 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 998 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/pr.yml b/.github/workflows/pr.yml
index 49f9568..931f717 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr.yml
@@ -83,6 +83,27 @@ jobs:
             all)        cargo test --all-features --verbose ;;
           esac
 
+  # See https://github.com/arkworks-rs/spongefish/issues/171.
+  wasm:
+    name: WASM
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      # Run the wasm test binaries under wasmtime; without this cargo would try to
+      # exec the `.wasm` as a native binary.
+      CARGO_TARGET_WASM32_WASIP1_RUNNER: wasmtime
+      WASMTIME_BACKTRACE_DETAILS: "1"
+      DUDECT_DUMP_SAMPLES: "1"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+        with:
+          targets: wasm32-wasip1
+      - uses: bytecodealliance/actions/wasmtime/setup@v1
+      - name: Build
+        run: cargo build --workspace --all-features --target wasm32-wasip1 --verbose
+      - name: Test
+        run: cargo test --workspace --all-features --target wasm32-wasip1 --verbose --no-fail-fast
+
   # Build docs with the same flags docs.rs uses. Reduces risk of broken public docs.
   docs-rs:
     name: docs.rs
@@ -103,6 +124,7 @@ jobs:
       - format
       - clippy
       - test
+      - wasm
       - docs-rs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 51fdc72..66e064d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -14,15 +14,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "zerocopy",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "aho-corasick"
-version = "1.1.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ddd31a130427c27518df266943a5308ed92d4b226cc639f5a8f1002816174301"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "allocator-api2"
 version = "0.2.21"
@@ -131,7 +122,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "educe",
  "fnv",
  "hashbrown 0.17.1",
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools",
  "num-bigint",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
@@ -293,17 +284,6 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5f0e716048a18530cce4684daf98a7563a499d710e1ed8ef35567fcb43a7c5f1"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "async-trait"
-version = "0.1.89"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9035ad2d096bed7955a320ee7e2230574d28fd3c3a0f186cbea1ff3c7eed5dbb"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.5.0"
@@ -316,18 +296,6 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4c7f02d4ea65f2c1853089ffd8d2787bdbc63de2f0d29dedbcf8ccdfa0ccd4cf"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "base58"
-version = "0.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6107fe1be6682a68940da878d9e9f5e90ca5745b3dec9fd1bb393c8777d4f581"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "base64"
-version = "0.21.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d297deb1925b89f2ccc13d7635fa0714f12c87adce1c75356b39ca9b7178567"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
 version = "0.22.1"
@@ -340,12 +308,6 @@ version = "1.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2af50177e190e07a26ab74f8b1efbfe2ef87da2116221318cb1c2e82baf7de06"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bech32"
-version = "0.11.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32637268377fc7b10a8c6d51de3e7fba1ce5dd371a96e342b34e6078db558e7f"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "1.3.2"
@@ -490,18 +452,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "byteorder"
-version = "1.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "bytes"
-version = "1.11.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e748733b7cbc798e1434b6ac524f0c1ff2ab456fe201501e6497c8417a4fc33"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
 version = "1.2.61"
@@ -524,17 +474,6 @@ version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "613afe47fcd5fac7ccf1db93babcb082c5994d996f20b8b159f2ad1658eb5724"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "chacha20"
-version = "0.10.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6f8d983286843e49675a4b7a2d174efe136dc93a18d69130dd18198a6c167601"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "cpufeatures 0.3.0",
- "rand_core 0.10.1",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
 version = "0.4.44"
@@ -542,10 +481,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c673075a2e0e5f4a1dde27ce9dee1ea4558c7ffe648f576438a20ca1d2acc4b0"
 dependencies = [
  "iana-time-zone",
- "js-sys",
  "num-traits",
  "serde",
- "wasm-bindgen",
  "windows-link",
 ]
 
@@ -664,21 +601,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "crc"
-version = "3.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5eb8a2a1cd12ab0d987a5d5e825195d372001a4094a0376319d5a0ad71c1ba0d"
-dependencies = [
- "crc-catalog",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "crc-catalog"
-version = "2.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "217698eaf96b4a3f0bc4f3662aaa55bdf913cd54d7204591faa790070c6d0853"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-deque"
 version = "0.8.6"
@@ -704,12 +626,6 @@ version = "0.8.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d0a5c400df2834b80a4c3327b3aad3a4c4cd4de0629063962b03235697506a28"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "crunchy"
-version = "0.2.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "460fbee9c2c2f33933d720630a6a0bac33ba7053db5344fac858d4b8952d77d5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "crypto-bigint"
 version = "0.5.5"
@@ -741,12 +657,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "hybrid-array",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cryptoxide"
-version = "0.4.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "382ce8820a5bb815055d3553a610e8cb542b2d767bbacea99038afda96cd760d"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ctutils"
 version = "0.4.2"
@@ -782,40 +692,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "darling"
-version = "0.23.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25ae13da2f202d56bd7f91c25fba009e7717a1e4a1cc98a76d844b65ae912e9d"
-dependencies = [
- "darling_core",
- "darling_macro",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "darling_core"
-version = "0.23.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9865a50f7c335f53564bb694ef660825eb8610e0a53d3e11bf1b0d3df31e03b0"
-dependencies = [
- "ident_case",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "strsim",
- "syn",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "darling_macro"
-version = "0.23.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ac3984ec7bd6cfa798e62b4a642426a5be0e68f9401cfc2a01e3fa9ea2fcdb8d"
-dependencies = [
- "darling_core",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "der"
 version = "0.7.10"
@@ -945,28 +821,12 @@ version = "1.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "877a4ace8713b0bcf2a4e7eec82529c029f1d0619886d18145fea96c3ffe5c0f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.14"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39cab71617ae0d63f51a36d69f866391735b51691dbda63cf6f96d042b63efeb"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "escape8259"
 version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5692dd7b5a1978a5aeb0ce83b7655c58ca8efdcb79d21036ea249da95afec2c6"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.4.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9f1f227452a390804cdb637b74a86990f2a7d7ba4b7d5693aac9b4dd6defd8d6"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ff"
 version = "0.13.1"
@@ -990,24 +850,12 @@ version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5baebc0774151f905a1a2cc41989300b1e6fbb29aff0ceffa1064fdd3088d582"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fixedbitset"
-version = "0.5.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1d674e81391d1e1ab681a28d99df07927c6d4aa5b027d7da16ba32d1d21ecd99"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fnv"
 version = "1.0.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3f9eec918d3f24069decb9af1554cad7c880e2da24a9afd88aca000531ab82c1"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "foldhash"
-version = "0.1.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d9c4f5dac5e15c24eb999c26181a6ca40b39fe946cbe4c263c7209467bc83af2"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "foldhash"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -1093,20 +941,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0de51e6874e94e7bf76d726fc5d13ba782deca734ff60d5bb2fb2607c7406555"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "r-efi",
- "rand_core 0.10.1",
- "wasip2",
- "wasip3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "group"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -1118,32 +952,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "half"
-version = "2.7.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ea2d84b969582b4b1864a92dc5d27cd2b77b622a8d79306834f1be5ba20d84b"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "crunchy",
- "zerocopy",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.15.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9229cfe53dfd69f0609a49f65461bd93001ea1ef889cd5529dd176593f5338a1"
-dependencies = [
- "foldhash 0.1.5",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.17.1"
@@ -1151,7 +965,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed5909b6e89a2db4456e54cd5f673791d7eca6732202bbf2a9cc504fe2f9b84a"
 dependencies = [
  "allocator-api2",
- "foldhash 0.2.0",
+ "foldhash",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1181,39 +995,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "http"
-version = "1.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3ba2a386d7f85a81f119ad7498ebe444d2e22c2af0b86b069416ace48b3311a"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "itoa",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "http-body"
-version = "1.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1efedce1fb8e6913f23e0c92de8e62cd5b772a67e7b3946df930a62566c93184"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "http",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "http-body-util"
-version = "0.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b021d93e26becf5dc7e1b75b1bed1fd93124b374ceb73f43d4d4eafec896a64a"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "futures-core",
- "http",
- "http-body",
- "pin-project-lite",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hybrid-array"
 version = "0.4.11"
@@ -1247,18 +1028,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "id-arena"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d3067d79b975e8844ca9eb072e16b31c3c1c36928edf9c6789548c524d0d954"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "ident_case"
-version = "1.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
 version = "1.9.3"
@@ -1288,15 +1057,6 @@ version = "1.70.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a6cb138bb79a146c1bd460005623e142ef0181e3d0219cb493e02f7d08a35695"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "itertools"
-version = "0.13.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "413ee7dfc52ee1a4949ceeb7dbc8a33f2d6c088194d9f922fb8318faf1f01186"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -1360,12 +1120,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "hybrid-array",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "leb128fmt"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "09edd9e8b54e49e587e4f6295a7d29c3ea94d469cb40ab8ca70b288248a81db2"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
 version = "0.2.186"
@@ -1384,12 +1138,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "escape8259",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.12.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32a66949e030da00e8c7d4434b251670a91556f4144941d37452769c25d58a53"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.14"
@@ -1435,44 +1183,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "paste",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "minicbor"
-version = "0.26.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a309f581ade7597820083bc275075c4c6986e57e53f8d26f88507cfefc8c987"
-dependencies = [
- "half",
- "minicbor-derive",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "minicbor-derive"
-version = "0.16.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a9882ef5c56df184b8ffc107fc6c61e33ee3a654b021961d790a78571bb9d67a"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "mio"
-version = "1.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "50b7e5b27aa02a74bac8c3f23f448f8d87ff11f92d3aac1a6ed369ee08cc56c1"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "wasi",
- "windows-sys",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "multimap"
-version = "0.10.1"
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-checksum = "1d87ecb2933e8aeadb3e3a02b828fed80a7528047e68b4f424523a0981a3a084"
-
 [[package]]
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 version = "0.4.6"
@@ -1498,17 +1208,6 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "num-rational"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f83d14da390562dca69fc84082e73e548e1ad308d24accdedd2720017cb37824"
-dependencies = [
- "num-bigint",
- "num-integer",
- "num-traits",
-]
-
 [[package]]
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@@ -1608,7 +1307,7 @@ version = "0.5.3"
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 checksum = "17771aca44632f9cc11f2718d7ea7ec06794946c4190ef3a985bfc893f14c18a"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools",
  "p3-field",
  "p3-matrix",
  "p3-maybe-rayon",
@@ -1623,7 +1322,7 @@ version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6f3eb24d0591fd4d282d89cbe4e4efba5571c699375006f80b2cbf53ce83461c"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools",
  "num-bigint",
  "p3-maybe-rayon",
  "p3-util",
@@ -1655,7 +1354,7 @@ version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ea9c94c0714944e7b8a9a62e6340b1e3e1d3f8ecfd3e35c08798360200e73eff"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools",
  "p3-field",
  "p3-maybe-rayon",
  "p3-util",
@@ -1689,7 +1388,7 @@ version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "012351fb727ba404175ea1cc159fb6234fa370ce9399317ba04d38ca43e55bfa"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools",
  "num-bigint",
  "p3-challenger",
  "p3-dft",
@@ -1710,7 +1409,7 @@ version = "0.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8724f330ea6d19dd4f2436aa0f88b5fcbf88f0f55ca7fccd3fea8b736dbcddad"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools",
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@@ -1758,7 +1457,7 @@ version = "0.5.3"
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 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools",
  "p3-field",
  "p3-util",
  "serde",
@@ -1784,316 +1483,58 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "1.0.0"
+name = "paste"
+version = "1.0.15"
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- "pallas-network",
- "pallas-primitives",
- "pallas-traverse",
- "pallas-txbuilder",
- "pallas-utxorpc",
- "pallas-validate",
-]
+checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "pallas-addresses"
-version = "1.0.0"
+name = "pem-rfc7468"
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-checksum = "a454bf65522d3114aeedbc6e44a0f5a00d384b15c8cd45a16be61d925979602f"
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 dependencies = [
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- "bech32",
- "crc",
- "cryptoxide",
- "hex",
- "pallas-codec",
- "pallas-crypto",
- "thiserror",
+ "base64ct",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "pallas-codec"
-version = "1.0.0"
+name = "pin-project-lite"
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-dependencies = [
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- "minicbor",
- "serde",
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+checksum = "a89322df9ebe1c1578d689c92318e070967d1042b512afbe49518723f4e6d5cd"
 
 [[package]]
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-checksum = "918b8474886a2d8a47ef9fb4809075a693e746af44eaba7625c7c407a6719c6e"
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- "num-rational",
- "pallas-addresses",
- "pallas-crypto",
- "pallas-primitives",
- "serde",
- "serde_json",
- "serde_with",
+ "der",
+ "spki",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "pallas-crypto"
-version = "1.0.0"
+name = "powerfmt"
+version = "0.2.0"
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-dependencies = [
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- "pallas-codec",
- "rand_core 0.10.1",
- "serde",
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+checksum = "439ee305def115ba05938db6eb1644ff94165c5ab5e9420d1c1bcedbba909391"
 
 [[package]]
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-checksum = "977b79ac140dfaa8d8fb887ec741957961b6e877a9b5ea72b42bacadeae6428d"
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- "pallas-codec",
- "pallas-crypto",
- "rand 0.10.1",
- "socket2",
- "thiserror",
- "tokio",
- "tracing",
+ "zerocopy",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "pallas-primitives"
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+name = "primeorder"
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-checksum = "100ae20c24335361a2ca50722726ce8d26f6b1a5014e2851acbed6428c9975c0"
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- "pallas-crypto",
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-
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-
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-dependencies = [
- "zerocopy",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-dependencies = [
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- "syn",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-checksum = "353e1ca18966c16d9deb1c69278edbc5f194139612772bd9537af60ac231e1e6"
-dependencies = [
- "elliptic-curve",
+ "elliptic-curve",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2114,58 +1555,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "prost"
-version = "0.13.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2796faa41db3ec313a31f7624d9286acf277b52de526150b7e69f3debf891ee5"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "prost-derive",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.13.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "be769465445e8c1474e9c5dac2018218498557af32d9ed057325ec9a41ae81bf"
-dependencies = [
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- "itertools 0.14.0",
- "log",
- "multimap",
- "once_cell",
- "petgraph",
- "prettyplease",
- "prost",
- "prost-types",
- "regex",
- "syn",
- "tempfile",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "prost-derive"
-version = "0.13.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a56d757972c98b346a9b766e3f02746cde6dd1cd1d1d563472929fdd74bec4d"
-dependencies = [
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- "itertools 0.14.0",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "52c2c1bf36ddb1a1c396b3601a3cec27c2462e45f07c386894ec3ccf5332bd16"
-dependencies = [
- "prost",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
 version = "1.0.45"
@@ -2175,12 +1564,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "r-efi"
-version = "6.0.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f8dcc9c7d52a811697d2151c701e0d08956f92b0e24136cf4cf27b57a6a0d9bf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "radium"
 version = "0.7.0"
@@ -2204,8 +1587,6 @@ version = "0.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d2e8e8bcc7961af1fdac401278c6a831614941f6164ee3bf4ce61b7edb162207"
 dependencies = [
- "chacha20",
- "getrandom 0.4.2",
  "rand_core 0.10.1",
 ]
 
@@ -2225,7 +1606,7 @@ version = "0.6.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.17",
+ "getrandom",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2280,35 +1661,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "regex"
-version = "1.12.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e10754a14b9137dd7b1e3e5b0493cc9171fdd105e0ab477f51b72e7f3ac0e276"
-dependencies = [
- "aho-corasick",
- "memchr",
- "regex-automata",
- "regex-syntax",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.4.14"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6e1dd4122fc1595e8162618945476892eefca7b88c52820e74af6262213cae8f"
-dependencies = [
- "aho-corasick",
- "memchr",
- "regex-syntax",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "regex-syntax"
-version = "0.8.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc897dd8d9e8bd1ed8cdad82b5966c3e0ecae09fb1907d58efaa013543185d0a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rfc6979"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -2375,19 +1727,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "semver",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustix"
-version = "1.1.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b6fe4565b9518b83ef4f91bb47ce29620ca828bd32cb7e408f0062e9930ba190"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.1",
- "errno",
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.22"
@@ -2493,7 +1832,7 @@ version = "3.18.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dd5414fad8e6907dbdd5bc441a50ae8d6e26151a03b1de04d89a5576de61d01f"
 dependencies = [
- "base64 0.22.1",
+ "base64",
  "chrono",
  "hex",
  "indexmap 1.9.3",
@@ -2502,22 +1841,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "schemars 1.2.1",
  "serde_core",
  "serde_json",
- "serde_with_macros",
  "time",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "serde_with_macros"
-version = "3.18.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d3db8978e608f1fe7357e211969fd9abdcae80bac1ba7a3369bb7eb6b404eb65"
-dependencies = [
- "darling",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "sha2"
 version = "0.10.9"
@@ -2572,16 +1898,6 @@ version = "0.4.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0c790de23124f9ab44544d7ac05d60440adc586479ce501c1d6d7da3cd8c9cf5"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "socket2"
-version = "0.6.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3a766e1110788c36f4fa1c2b71b387a7815aa65f88ce0229841826633d93723e"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "spin"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -2643,7 +1959,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "p3-field",
  "p3-koala-bear",
  "p3-mersenne-31",
- "pallas",
  "rand 0.8.6",
  "risc0-zkp",
  "serde",
@@ -2659,7 +1974,7 @@ name = "spongefish-circuit"
 version = "0.7.2"
 dependencies = [
  "hashbrown 0.17.1",
- "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "itertools",
  "p3-baby-bear",
  "p3-field",
  "spin 0.12.0",
@@ -2732,39 +2047,6 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "55937e1799185b12863d447f42597ed69d9928686b8d88a1df17376a097d8369"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.27.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32497e9a4c7b38532efcdebeef879707aa9f794296a4f0244f6f69e9bc8574bd"
-dependencies = [
- "fastrand",
- "getrandom 0.4.2",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "thiserror"
-version = "2.0.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4288b5bcbc7920c07a1149a35cf9590a2aa808e0bc1eafaade0b80947865fbc4"
-dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "2.0.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ebc4ee7f67670e9b64d05fa4253e753e016c6c95ff35b89b7941d6b856dec1d5"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "time"
 version = "0.3.47"
@@ -2796,43 +2078,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "time-core",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tokio"
-version = "1.52.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b67dee974fe86fd92cc45b7a95fdd2f99a36a6d7b0d431a231178d3d670bbcc6"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "libc",
- "mio",
- "pin-project-lite",
- "socket2",
- "tokio-macros",
- "windows-sys",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tokio-macros"
-version = "2.7.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "385a6cb71ab9ab790c5fe8d67f1645e6c450a7ce006a33de03daa956cf70a496"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tokio-stream"
-version = "0.1.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32da49809aab5c3bc678af03902d4ccddea2a87d028d86392a4b1560c6906c70"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-core",
- "pin-project-lite",
- "tokio",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_datetime"
 version = "1.1.1+spec-1.1.0"
@@ -2863,39 +2108,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "winnow",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tonic"
-version = "0.12.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "877c5b330756d856ffcc4553ab34a5684481ade925ecc54bcd1bf02b1d0d4d52"
-dependencies = [
- "async-trait",
- "base64 0.22.1",
- "bytes",
- "http",
- "http-body",
- "http-body-util",
- "percent-encoding",
- "pin-project",
- "prost",
- "tokio-stream",
- "tower-layer",
- "tower-service",
- "tracing",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tower-layer"
-version = "0.3.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "121c2a6cda46980bb0fcd1647ffaf6cd3fc79a013de288782836f6df9c48780e"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tower-service"
-version = "0.3.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8df9b6e13f2d32c91b9bd719c00d1958837bc7dec474d94952798cc8e69eeec3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tracing"
 version = "0.1.44"
@@ -2923,9 +2135,6 @@ name = "tracing-core"
 version = "0.1.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "db97caf9d906fbde555dd62fa95ddba9eecfd14cb388e4f491a66d74cd5fb79a"
-dependencies = [
- "once_cell",
-]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "transpose"
@@ -2949,34 +2158,12 @@ version = "1.0.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e6e4313cd5fcd3dad5cafa179702e2b244f760991f45397d14d4ebf38247da75"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "unicode-xid"
-version = "0.2.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ebc1c04c71510c7f702b52b7c350734c9ff1295c464a03335b00bb84fc54f853"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "utf8parse"
 version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "utxorpc-spec"
-version = "0.19.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "53c5b06a64d715d79a25bebafacd4c24bfed6fd1e9725fab03e02fb67db08663"
-dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "futures-core",
- "pbjson",
- "pbjson-types",
- "prost",
- "prost-types",
- "serde",
- "tonic",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "version_check"
 version = "0.9.5"
@@ -2989,24 +2176,6 @@ version = "0.11.1+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ccf3ec651a847eb01de73ccad15eb7d99f80485de043efb2f370cd654f4ea44b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasip2"
-version = "1.0.3+wasi-0.2.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "20064672db26d7cdc89c7798c48a0fdfac8213434a1186e5ef29fd560ae223d6"
-dependencies = [
- "wit-bindgen 0.57.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasip3"
-version = "0.4.0+wasi-0.3.0-rc-2026-01-06"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5428f8bf88ea5ddc08faddef2ac4a67e390b88186c703ce6dbd955e1c145aca5"
-dependencies = [
- "wit-bindgen 0.51.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
 version = "0.2.120"
@@ -3052,40 +2221,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-encoder"
-version = "0.244.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "990065f2fe63003fe337b932cfb5e3b80e0b4d0f5ff650e6985b1048f62c8319"
-dependencies = [
- "leb128fmt",
- "wasmparser",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-metadata"
-version = "0.244.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bb0e353e6a2fbdc176932bbaab493762eb1255a7900fe0fea1a2f96c296cc909"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "indexmap 2.14.0",
- "wasm-encoder",
- "wasmparser",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmparser"
-version = "0.244.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "47b807c72e1bac69382b3a6fb3dbe8ea4c0ed87ff5629b8685ae6b9a611028fe"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.1",
- "hashbrown 0.15.5",
- "indexmap 2.14.0",
- "semver",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-core"
 version = "0.62.2"
@@ -3163,100 +2298,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wit-bindgen"
-version = "0.51.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d7249219f66ced02969388cf2bb044a09756a083d0fab1e566056b04d9fbcaa5"
-dependencies = [
- "wit-bindgen-rust-macro",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wit-bindgen"
-version = "0.57.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1ebf944e87a7c253233ad6766e082e3cd714b5d03812acc24c318f549614536e"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wit-bindgen-core"
-version = "0.51.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea61de684c3ea68cb082b7a88508a8b27fcc8b797d738bfc99a82facf1d752dc"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "heck",
- "wit-parser",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wit-bindgen-rust"
-version = "0.51.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b7c566e0f4b284dd6561c786d9cb0142da491f46a9fbed79ea69cdad5db17f21"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "heck",
- "indexmap 2.14.0",
- "prettyplease",
- "syn",
- "wasm-metadata",
- "wit-bindgen-core",
- "wit-component",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wit-bindgen-rust-macro"
-version = "0.51.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c0f9bfd77e6a48eccf51359e3ae77140a7f50b1e2ebfe62422d8afdaffab17a"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "prettyplease",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
- "wit-bindgen-core",
- "wit-bindgen-rust",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wit-component"
-version = "0.244.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d66ea20e9553b30172b5e831994e35fbde2d165325bec84fc43dbf6f4eb9cb2"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "bitflags 2.11.1",
- "indexmap 2.14.0",
- "log",
- "serde",
- "serde_derive",
- "serde_json",
- "wasm-encoder",
- "wasm-metadata",
- "wasmparser",
- "wit-parser",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wit-parser"
-version = "0.244.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ecc8ac4bc1dc3381b7f59c34f00b67e18f910c2c0f50015669dde7def656a736"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "id-arena",
- "indexmap 2.14.0",
- "log",
- "semver",
- "serde",
- "serde_derive",
- "serde_json",
- "unicode-xid",
- "wasmparser",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wyz"
 version = "0.5.1"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6fbfe69..3d4f774 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ p3-koala-bear = "0.5"
 p3-mersenne-31 = "0.5"
 p3-poseidon2 = "0.5"
 p3-symmetric = "0.5"
-pallas = "^1.0.0"
 rand = "^0.8.5"
 rayon = "^1.10.0"
 risc0-zkp = "3.0.3"
diff --git a/spongefish/Cargo.toml b/spongefish/Cargo.toml
index 98c4a03..eb20c71 100644
--- a/spongefish/Cargo.toml
+++ b/spongefish/Cargo.toml
@@ -97,7 +97,6 @@ bls12_381 = { workspace = true }
 curve25519-dalek = { workspace = true }
 hex = { workspace = true }
 libtest-mimic = { workspace = true }
-pallas = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 sha2 = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/spongefish/src/codecs.rs b/spongefish/src/codecs.rs
index c68d0fc..42f788c 100644
--- a/spongefish/src/codecs.rs
+++ b/spongefish/src/codecs.rs
@@ -249,3 +249,24 @@ where
     E: crate::NargDeserialize + crate::NargSerialize + Encoding<T> + Decoding<T>,
 {
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::Encoding;
+
+    /// Cross-architecture guard: the `str` length prefix must be a fixed-width,
+    /// little-endian `u32` on every target. If this ever regresses to a
+    /// pointer-width `usize`, the prefix would be 4 bytes on wasm32 and 8 bytes on
+    /// x86-64, so a 64-bit prover and a 32-bit verifier would derive different
+    /// transcripts. A 32-bit CI lane (see the `wasm` job) runs this for real.
+    #[test]
+    fn str_length_prefix_is_fixed_width_u32_le() {
+        let encoded = Encoding::<[u8]>::encode(&"abc");
+        // 4-byte LE length (== 3) followed by the UTF-8 bytes — never 8 bytes.
+        assert_eq!(encoded.as_ref(), &[3, 0, 0, 0, b'a', b'b', b'c']);
+
+        // Empty string is just the four length bytes.
+        let empty = Encoding::<[u8]>::encode(&"");
+        assert_eq!(empty.as_ref(), &[0, 0, 0, 0]);
+    }
+}

From d62babbaa173d643fe8ebc18d17ea63c5d1ad0ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michele Orru <m@orru.net>
Date: Wed, 10 Jun 2026 12:49:26 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 3/5] trigger workflow


From 274b7e0dd54314e3907aaf103839dda74b586b48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michele Orru <m@orru.net>
Date: Wed, 10 Jun 2026 12:54:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 4/5] trigger workflow


From 2aad4d35a360e86757ed90c4f3eda8a4c049f584 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Michele Orru <m@orru.net>
Date: Wed, 10 Jun 2026 13:12:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 5/5] gate panics on wasm32

---
 circuit/tests/builder.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/circuit/tests/builder.rs b/circuit/tests/builder.rs
index faf7f8b..40c957b 100644
--- a/circuit/tests/builder.rs
+++ b/circuit/tests/builder.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ fn instance_builder() -> TestInstanceBuilder {
     PermutationInstanceBuilder::new()
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 fn assert_panics_with(expected: &str, f: impl FnOnce()) {
     let panic = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(f))
         .expect_err("expected closure to panic");
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ pub fn public_vars_are_returned_by_variable_index() {
     );
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 #[test]
 pub fn linear_equation_terms_must_be_bound_unless_zero() {
     let inst_builder = instance_builder();
@@ -197,6 +199,7 @@ pub fn linear_equation_terms_must_be_bound_unless_zero() {
     assert_eq!(inst_builder.linear_constraints().as_ref().len(), 1);
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 #[test]
 pub fn allocate_vars_vec_overflow_does_not_mutate_allocator() {
     let inst_builder = instance_builder();